Ex Machina - Exploring Artificial Consciousness

"In battle, in the forest, at the precipice in the mountains, 
On the dark great sea, in the midst of javelins and arrows, 
In sleep, in confusion, in the depths of shame, 
The good deeds a man has done before defend him."
- Bhagavad Gita

About half a year ago I was roaming though movie trailers on YouTube and was lucky enough to catch a glimpse of Ex Machina, an AI thriller set to be released in early 2015. Opting to check it out in theaters over its conceptual competitor Chappie, I waited patiently for the limited release to expand into my area. Finally it did, and I’m happy to say the film didn't disappoint – a simple plot and a very complex machine made for quite a fun time. Spoilers ahead!

Summary

The film begins with tech employee Caleb Smith winning a contest to visit who is presumably his company’s founder, Nathan, in order to put a new technological breakthrough to the test. The breakthrough is the first functional artificial general intelligence (AGI), and the test is a variant on the famous Turing test – in this case, our lucky lad is to spend a short period of time each day speaking with the AI in order to decide whether or not he thinks it is conscious. Caleb is flown via helicopter to the remote and secluded research facility, where his nonchalant boss encourages him to relax his nerves and treat their time together as time between two normal guys.

An artificial general intelligence is essentially a computer that can successfully perform all of the operations of human cognition. The film’s AI, named AVA, is composed of a gel brain installed into a robot that resembles a human female in shape and function. She (never “it”) is locked within her own section of the facility, consisting of a make-shift bedroom and a corridor leading to the room where the interviews take place. Caleb is able to speak to AVA from the other side of a thick glass wall, and although their first conversation is charming and friendly we get our first ominous undertones as he notices a conspicuous crack in the glass on her side.

Dennett on Consciousness II – And then What Happens?

In Part I I described the introduction of philosopher Dan Dennett to the University of Waterloo for Brain Day, an annual event featuring a panel of speakers with specialty areas in the cognitive sciences. I then began to summarize Prof. Dennett’s talk, introducing the controversial concept of “philosophical zombies” and Dennett’s nonplussed reaction to them. I finished by describing an afterimage effect that seemed to have implications for the way we habitually think about consciousness. In this post, I’ll follow up with said implications and summarize the remainder of the talk – including what Dennett claims to have added to his approach with a small part at the end. Keep in mind that I’m not quite an expert on this stuff, but I’ll do my best to make the relevant points clear and explain why they’re significant.

Gazing at the discoloured American flag for any length of time caused a properly coloured afterimage to appear on the following blank slide. Dennett’s question – where is the red stripe? – seemed to provoke the answer “in our minds!” but he clearly found this answer dissatisfying. It became immediately obvious to me and everyone else in the room that the red stripe was not in the world itself, since it faded away over time and couldn’t be produced without proper preparation. It was equally clear that if the red stripe was only in our minds that it no longer existed strictly as a red stripe. This is my best guess for what Dennett intended to convey with this exercise, because it acted as a good segue to his next example. It also brought to light his immediate dismissal of “objects of consciousness,” since he never entertained the possibility that the red stripe existed in our consciousness (or experience, or qualia). (I’ll come back to correct this assumption if the video footage reveals something that I’ve missed.)

Dennett on Consciousness I - The Hard Problem

I couldn’t have imagined when I woke up this morning that in a few hours I’d be standing face-to-face with Dan Dennett, but a particularly observant girlfriend and some quick travel arrangements procured for me that lucky opportunity. Dennett gave an hour-long talk at the Centre for Theoretical Neuroscience (CTN) at the University of Waterloo, where I was seated happily in the centre of the audience. The title of the talk was “The Hard Problem of Consciousness: What Happens Next?” and it offered a very concise and informative snapshot of Dennett’s ideas about consciousness with a small new addition. I was vaguely familiar with Dennett’s position from reading his tangential book on free will, Freedom Evolves and sifting through his newer Intuition Pumps, but it’s always nice to hear ideas from the thinkers themselves, and even more pleasant in a public forum of curious non-experts.

Like every philosophical problem that’s existed since antiquity, the literature on consciousness is enormous and intimidating. I’ve been aware (in whatever sense you like!) of the basic philosophy of mind problems for almost a year and I can’t say I’ve made super meaningful progress on any of them. Are we made of two kinds of things, or just one? If one, why do I feel like a “self” independent from my body? If two, how do they interact? The PEL podcast on the subject is a great introductory resource and it features a range of positions with fundamental disagreements even among the hosts. Another helpful video is hosted on YouTube by the CTN and features a talk given last year by Owen Flanagan, esteemed naturalist and author of The Bodhisattva's Brain: Buddhism Naturalized. Interestingly, other famous philosophers with whom I agree about one or two things seem to hold diametrically opposed positions on this issue (Nagel vs. Dennett, for example), so I’m hoping that today’s experience and a few accompanying blog posts can help clear things up for me.